a. D. To sprain to Obat Baralt *
of the civilizations that did not understand the mystery of its disappearance rapid civilization of Andalusia, which flourished in the Iberian Peninsula from the year AD 711, when he entered the Tarek ibn Ziyad from the site named Today, "Gibraltar" incorporating the land of Islam, to the year 1492, when Granada fell
Nasiriyah, the last Islamic stronghold, under the weight of Christians "Alcatholkyin kings."
During These eight long centuries flourished a civilization brighter known to humanity, known as the Caliphate of Cordoba in the tenth century Vnavst Baghdad, Persia and Constantinople Prosperity, culture and beauty matchless, were paved and lit and decorated, and boasted of University Professors I move visitors from the West and the East and Out 400.000 books, poets Madinat al-Zahra palace domes and circular springs made of mercury, which was the cause of fainting in the King Christian Ordoeo diplomatic visit to Abdel-Rahman III. There are few examples of the most tragic and which we call words are common today, is a clash of civilizations The clash of civilizations, and then we do not admire the words of Horschewta, Saxon of the tenth century, When considering the city of the Caliphate of Cordoba, a city of poets, scholars, scientists and philosophers as a "Dora the world."
with the passage of time, the Arab Caliphate collapsed - English, divided Into small groups known as kings, but despite the weakness of political and military power, has continued to Andalusia cultural prosperity through the Alhambra Palace in Granada, as we know, it was not a stronghold Military, but was exclusively spoken poetry, inferred from poems I'm Zmrk Ibn Zamrak walls of the building, explaining to the visitor by the way enjoy embracing these colors in the shadows of these deposits Alxlip locket from the ceiling and walk these springs Bkthertha harmed by a glittering palace. It is no coincidence that the considered Grthia Emilio Gomez Emilio García Gómez that the Alhambra is the poems, And I'm Zmrk is a poet who wrote his hair the brightest in the world.
but this stunning Islamic civilization, vanished without leaving an impact on the Iberian Peninsula. To save memory And the revival of their culture, have been rushing historians and veterans of Contemporary East and West, the beginning of the Ibn Khaldun, Ibn al-Khatib and Alfonso X in the old to the contemporary, such as Philip Hitti, and Mahmoud Makki, a green and peaceful Jayousi, or. For in the Provencal, and t. Dozy, and Frntescu Kodera, and Miguel Asin, and Claudio Sncht Oalpurnot, Emilio Gómez Grthia, and Rosenthal Frnt, well. B. Hrvai, And Muthads Grthia Arenal, Pablo Benito, and Maria Rosa Manukal Tntea and Robinson and others. He asked some of these historians, a historical curiosity, which often is not without nostalgia, how the nation Of such importance that contributed significantly to the urbanization of medieval Europe, ceased to exist and the Iman of the land owned by the English for many centuries.
comes d. Mohammed Oweini among those Researchers nmap auditors, as addressed in this book, "Dora the Muslims in Andalusia and the reasons for its disappearance" * thanks to the bibliography of Arab and European countries due to his knowledge in both languages, It is very positive in the search and is one of its strengths, and the way is clear, to the old question: What really lost Andalus from the hands of Muslims? And how it ceased to exist to the extent that they Did not leave a trail of debt and a bit of language in this land that was owned by a dignified manner?
compares researcher here between English Arabic, set America's wars after Independence Defeated Alcirbebos - Sons of English colonists who were born there - the Spaniards themselves, "and offset the Castilian language, culture and religion, the Christian civilizations of the Incas and Mayans." Were The same events with the rest of the Europeans of Englishmen, and Portuguese, and French and who occupied the other sites in America: We have held fast to their language and culture in this new land, Although they have been expelled from it. Another area of comparison is the Islamization of Egypt, Syria and the critical as well as Persia, which took place opened in the same years that were the Iberian Peninsula Linked the Islamic empire. In this context, is not rooting Islamic culture in Spain, which dominated in the west after eight centuries of Muslim presence by.
discover Researcher carefully and patiently and consistently many conflicting historical transformations that formed the Islamic civilization in Andalusia to discover that with the cultural prosperity, there is chaos and injustice. Was Andalus society despite its glory patients bore the seeds of destruction and waste.
Professor Oweini is that there are a lot of the main reasons that contributed to the collapse of English society - the Arab. Argument did not convince him to duplicate and that the prosperity and affluence of the era, was the result of the prosperity of this civilization, and that the main reason for the collapse of Andalusia. Degeneration and princes The caliphs and kings of the communities was a fait accompli, but there are other more important reasons contributed to the final expulsion of Islam, the English in 1609.
is Professor Oweini, that strayed Muslims - English Is the way it did not apply the concepts of originality and the most advanced of the Islamic religion in their conquests and their management to this new land; has forgotten social justice or equality of all citizens Before the law, and practiced through the centuries, social injustice and political and economic subjects, and the odd tribal fanaticism that ignorance among the Umayyads had appeared again between the conquerors New later like the Almoravids and uniform, and across these Strait of Gibraltar to contribute to fighting against the Christians and the idea of rooting and the revival of the Islamic religion in the occupied Andalusia.
has established a genetic system of royal families to rule, claiming that its members belong to the family of the Prophet and that they have the right to inherit power. Did not contribute taxes to the people bound views Illegal in political life. Salt and accustomed to govern on behalf of the family without paying attention to satisfaction and acceptance of the parish's claim to belong to the Prophet's House, which was true in Some cases, some without. I went the Arab rulers in Andalusia in the verdict, which cleared the way to fight hatred and families led to the killing of his brother, brother, and forms of retaliation, and all this Led to an acceleration in the events leading to an imbalance in power and there is chaos in the southern lands at the same time, blocking out the real threat to Christians in the north. As is known, and exploited They always these divisions and this fragmentation of the internal enemies of religion.
This has resulted in waste of the energies of the Andalusian to the political difficulty in the task of coping with climate Natural to begin to the north there pursuant to a structured and systematic war crimes in the Arabization of Islamization. They have forgotten they are in a fragile historic, live in the land is their land, a different culture and religion of their culture And religion. Have remained isolated in the south, and became enemies to each other, engrossed in the battles and petty political rivalries and petty, and this is what was behind the emergence of social and political system is screwed up And the enemy himself, who never doubted for a moment to assess the alliance with the Christian kings to draw against their fellow Muslims.
and the beginning of the first centuries of the Islamic conquests, the authorities To create an army composed of mercenaries to protect the interests of the State and protect himself from the popular uprisings and they were a mercenary armies were formed to a great extent, to indulge in corruption Plots and contributed to the internal conflicts of the state. And formed teams to protect their own interests, and hasten the fall of the authority which they claimed that they defend. On the other hand, Tolerance, the Andalusian glory that a lot of contemporary scholars, was not enough as the researcher, to achieve genuine coexistence between different ethnic groups and religions contradictory Which they are civilization.
have dispersed and scattered those political forces in Andalusia, and there is public outrage and the entry of the Almoravids and combined to historical scene and who came to strengthen the Military powers of the kings of the collapsed groups, did not solve the problem but UNGA Resolution. All this there is no significant ethnic tension between Arabs and Berbers, the latest real cultural clash Between soft Andalusian tiles and new arrivals, Almtaudin to desert life and those who are strict and different look to Islam.
In general, the history repeats Himself, and the same people who received and welcomed the arrival of the Almoravids saviors of the situation, it accuses of corruption and arose against them, and became the saviors of yesterday executioners today did not highlight the real policy of reconciliation And mitigate the crisis that emerged among the teams competing. لقد انطفأ ذلك "الحماس الإسلامي النقيّ الذي ينادي بتلك المفاهيم الجديدة مثل المساواة والعدالة والأخوّة والتضحية"، And commented the frustration of some of the historical. Name and remained only the Islamic religion and offset by the private interest of the Authority.
while emerging trends of fundamentalism, and the poets Andalusia glorified advances, according to Professor Oweini complicit, in some way in this changing world which is fading in their hands. We have served the suit kings and princes communities, Imidhounam Customized Imddoa and perpetuate the differences between the brothers, with all this, politicians called Andalusians resonant titles such as the faithful, but these titles reveal the luxury and show Epic, historical, political null.
Muslims have lost the leadership in Andalusia and Christians began fueling the discord and incite further fragmentation among the Muslims of Spain, as Event for the last Muslim stronghold in Granada by the Catholic Kings retrieved without little trouble. He gave Abu Abdullah keys Alhambra in 1492 and so ended the date Islamic official English territory and this defeat led to the humiliating expulsion of the last Muslims in Spain in 1609, who called today "Balmaurickyin" a shameful metaphor.
complements Professor Oweini discussed how a thinker can be aware of this lesson from the loss of Andalusia as one of the major tragedies in human history, for us we are the sons 21. It calls for Tolerance in the relations between nations and learn how to forgive and live, despite religious differences, cultural and ethnic groups. And insists that the fight together, intolerance, extremism and xenophobia. Since there is no religion has the absolute truth and there is no need to resolve conflicts by force and I would not dare to say that the researcher has something important in this dialogue between cultures, without the provisions of Advance as suggested by himself.
before we dated, as Muslim instead to write Arabic Castilian language has been used to research the function of knowledge and wide, and a founding shareholder in the building so Fertile bridge between his own culture and English culture, by examining the violent response through the pages of his research. The bridge, blown up history for several centuries. And it has necessitated that is based Today a bridge of understanding and dialogue, and all of us and build us to be of the new are passing to future generations, so that history will repeat itself and killing us in a pool of blood .**
_________________________
* "Dora the Muslim Andalus and the reasons for its disappearance," d. Mohammed Uwaini, Faculty of Letters, Arts and Humanities, University of Manouba, Tunisia, provide d. Polluted to Obat Bartlett, Center for Studies Publications And translation Moriskyp, Tamimi Foundation for Scientific Research and Information, October 2010
** d provide. Polluted to Obat Barls for "Dora the Muslims in Andalusia and the reasons for its disappearance, October / October 2010. 245 p.; 24 cm - "Series 4: History of the Moors in Andalusia No. 28."
of the civilizations that did not understand the mystery of its disappearance rapid civilization of Andalusia, which flourished in the Iberian Peninsula from the year AD 711, when he entered the Tarek ibn Ziyad from the site named Today, "Gibraltar" incorporating the land of Islam, to the year 1492, when Granada fell
Nasiriyah, the last Islamic stronghold, under the weight of Christians "Alcatholkyin kings."
During These eight long centuries flourished a civilization brighter known to humanity, known as the Caliphate of Cordoba in the tenth century Vnavst Baghdad, Persia and Constantinople Prosperity, culture and beauty matchless, were paved and lit and decorated, and boasted of University Professors I move visitors from the West and the East and Out 400.000 books, poets Madinat al-Zahra palace domes and circular springs made of mercury, which was the cause of fainting in the King Christian Ordoeo diplomatic visit to Abdel-Rahman III. There are few examples of the most tragic and which we call words are common today, is a clash of civilizations The clash of civilizations, and then we do not admire the words of Horschewta, Saxon of the tenth century, When considering the city of the Caliphate of Cordoba, a city of poets, scholars, scientists and philosophers as a "Dora the world."
with the passage of time, the Arab Caliphate collapsed - English, divided Into small groups known as kings, but despite the weakness of political and military power, has continued to Andalusia cultural prosperity through the Alhambra Palace in Granada, as we know, it was not a stronghold Military, but was exclusively spoken poetry, inferred from poems I'm Zmrk Ibn Zamrak walls of the building, explaining to the visitor by the way enjoy embracing these colors in the shadows of these deposits Alxlip locket from the ceiling and walk these springs Bkthertha harmed by a glittering palace. It is no coincidence that the considered Grthia Emilio Gomez Emilio García Gómez that the Alhambra is the poems, And I'm Zmrk is a poet who wrote his hair the brightest in the world.
but this stunning Islamic civilization, vanished without leaving an impact on the Iberian Peninsula. To save memory And the revival of their culture, have been rushing historians and veterans of Contemporary East and West, the beginning of the Ibn Khaldun, Ibn al-Khatib and Alfonso X in the old to the contemporary, such as Philip Hitti, and Mahmoud Makki, a green and peaceful Jayousi, or. For in the Provencal, and t. Dozy, and Frntescu Kodera, and Miguel Asin, and Claudio Sncht Oalpurnot, Emilio Gómez Grthia, and Rosenthal Frnt, well. B. Hrvai, And Muthads Grthia Arenal, Pablo Benito, and Maria Rosa Manukal Tntea and Robinson and others. He asked some of these historians, a historical curiosity, which often is not without nostalgia, how the nation Of such importance that contributed significantly to the urbanization of medieval Europe, ceased to exist and the Iman of the land owned by the English for many centuries.
comes d. Mohammed Oweini among those Researchers nmap auditors, as addressed in this book, "Dora the Muslims in Andalusia and the reasons for its disappearance" * thanks to the bibliography of Arab and European countries due to his knowledge in both languages, It is very positive in the search and is one of its strengths, and the way is clear, to the old question: What really lost Andalus from the hands of Muslims? And how it ceased to exist to the extent that they Did not leave a trail of debt and a bit of language in this land that was owned by a dignified manner?
compares researcher here between English Arabic, set America's wars after Independence Defeated Alcirbebos - Sons of English colonists who were born there - the Spaniards themselves, "and offset the Castilian language, culture and religion, the Christian civilizations of the Incas and Mayans." Were The same events with the rest of the Europeans of Englishmen, and Portuguese, and French and who occupied the other sites in America: We have held fast to their language and culture in this new land, Although they have been expelled from it. Another area of comparison is the Islamization of Egypt, Syria and the critical as well as Persia, which took place opened in the same years that were the Iberian Peninsula Linked the Islamic empire. In this context, is not rooting Islamic culture in Spain, which dominated in the west after eight centuries of Muslim presence by.
discover Researcher carefully and patiently and consistently many conflicting historical transformations that formed the Islamic civilization in Andalusia to discover that with the cultural prosperity, there is chaos and injustice. Was Andalus society despite its glory patients bore the seeds of destruction and waste.
Professor Oweini is that there are a lot of the main reasons that contributed to the collapse of English society - the Arab. Argument did not convince him to duplicate and that the prosperity and affluence of the era, was the result of the prosperity of this civilization, and that the main reason for the collapse of Andalusia. Degeneration and princes The caliphs and kings of the communities was a fait accompli, but there are other more important reasons contributed to the final expulsion of Islam, the English in 1609.
is Professor Oweini, that strayed Muslims - English Is the way it did not apply the concepts of originality and the most advanced of the Islamic religion in their conquests and their management to this new land; has forgotten social justice or equality of all citizens Before the law, and practiced through the centuries, social injustice and political and economic subjects, and the odd tribal fanaticism that ignorance among the Umayyads had appeared again between the conquerors New later like the Almoravids and uniform, and across these Strait of Gibraltar to contribute to fighting against the Christians and the idea of rooting and the revival of the Islamic religion in the occupied Andalusia.
has established a genetic system of royal families to rule, claiming that its members belong to the family of the Prophet and that they have the right to inherit power. Did not contribute taxes to the people bound views Illegal in political life. Salt and accustomed to govern on behalf of the family without paying attention to satisfaction and acceptance of the parish's claim to belong to the Prophet's House, which was true in Some cases, some without. I went the Arab rulers in Andalusia in the verdict, which cleared the way to fight hatred and families led to the killing of his brother, brother, and forms of retaliation, and all this Led to an acceleration in the events leading to an imbalance in power and there is chaos in the southern lands at the same time, blocking out the real threat to Christians in the north. As is known, and exploited They always these divisions and this fragmentation of the internal enemies of religion.
This has resulted in waste of the energies of the Andalusian to the political difficulty in the task of coping with climate Natural to begin to the north there pursuant to a structured and systematic war crimes in the Arabization of Islamization. They have forgotten they are in a fragile historic, live in the land is their land, a different culture and religion of their culture And religion. Have remained isolated in the south, and became enemies to each other, engrossed in the battles and petty political rivalries and petty, and this is what was behind the emergence of social and political system is screwed up And the enemy himself, who never doubted for a moment to assess the alliance with the Christian kings to draw against their fellow Muslims.
and the beginning of the first centuries of the Islamic conquests, the authorities To create an army composed of mercenaries to protect the interests of the State and protect himself from the popular uprisings and they were a mercenary armies were formed to a great extent, to indulge in corruption Plots and contributed to the internal conflicts of the state. And formed teams to protect their own interests, and hasten the fall of the authority which they claimed that they defend. On the other hand, Tolerance, the Andalusian glory that a lot of contemporary scholars, was not enough as the researcher, to achieve genuine coexistence between different ethnic groups and religions contradictory Which they are civilization.
have dispersed and scattered those political forces in Andalusia, and there is public outrage and the entry of the Almoravids and combined to historical scene and who came to strengthen the Military powers of the kings of the collapsed groups, did not solve the problem but UNGA Resolution. All this there is no significant ethnic tension between Arabs and Berbers, the latest real cultural clash Between soft Andalusian tiles and new arrivals, Almtaudin to desert life and those who are strict and different look to Islam.
In general, the history repeats Himself, and the same people who received and welcomed the arrival of the Almoravids saviors of the situation, it accuses of corruption and arose against them, and became the saviors of yesterday executioners today did not highlight the real policy of reconciliation And mitigate the crisis that emerged among the teams competing. لقد انطفأ ذلك "الحماس الإسلامي النقيّ الذي ينادي بتلك المفاهيم الجديدة مثل المساواة والعدالة والأخوّة والتضحية"، And commented the frustration of some of the historical. Name and remained only the Islamic religion and offset by the private interest of the Authority.
while emerging trends of fundamentalism, and the poets Andalusia glorified advances, according to Professor Oweini complicit, in some way in this changing world which is fading in their hands. We have served the suit kings and princes communities, Imidhounam Customized Imddoa and perpetuate the differences between the brothers, with all this, politicians called Andalusians resonant titles such as the faithful, but these titles reveal the luxury and show Epic, historical, political null.
Muslims have lost the leadership in Andalusia and Christians began fueling the discord and incite further fragmentation among the Muslims of Spain, as Event for the last Muslim stronghold in Granada by the Catholic Kings retrieved without little trouble. He gave Abu Abdullah keys Alhambra in 1492 and so ended the date Islamic official English territory and this defeat led to the humiliating expulsion of the last Muslims in Spain in 1609, who called today "Balmaurickyin" a shameful metaphor.
complements Professor Oweini discussed how a thinker can be aware of this lesson from the loss of Andalusia as one of the major tragedies in human history, for us we are the sons 21. It calls for Tolerance in the relations between nations and learn how to forgive and live, despite religious differences, cultural and ethnic groups. And insists that the fight together, intolerance, extremism and xenophobia. Since there is no religion has the absolute truth and there is no need to resolve conflicts by force and I would not dare to say that the researcher has something important in this dialogue between cultures, without the provisions of Advance as suggested by himself.
before we dated, as Muslim instead to write Arabic Castilian language has been used to research the function of knowledge and wide, and a founding shareholder in the building so Fertile bridge between his own culture and English culture, by examining the violent response through the pages of his research. The bridge, blown up history for several centuries. And it has necessitated that is based Today a bridge of understanding and dialogue, and all of us and build us to be of the new are passing to future generations, so that history will repeat itself and killing us in a pool of blood .**
_________________________
* "Dora the Muslim Andalus and the reasons for its disappearance," d. Mohammed Uwaini, Faculty of Letters, Arts and Humanities, University of Manouba, Tunisia, provide d. Polluted to Obat Bartlett, Center for Studies Publications And translation Moriskyp, Tamimi Foundation for Scientific Research and Information, October 2010
** d provide. Polluted to Obat Barls for "Dora the Muslims in Andalusia and the reasons for its disappearance, October / October 2010. 245 p.; 24 cm - "Series 4: History of the Moors in Andalusia No. 28."
Source: Arab Online
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